2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析
緊張的2021考研初試英語科目考試已經結束了，高頓考研為大家整理了2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析，大家可以對往年題型進行比較，希望對大家能夠有所幫助，以下就是《2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析》。
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
1Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,it's a necessary condition(1)many
worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your(2)in the wrong place often carries a high(3).
2(4),why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.(5)people place their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that(6)pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to(7)with one another.Swiss Scientists have found that exposure(8)this hormone puts us in a trusting(9):In a study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their(10)who inhaled something else.
3(11)for us,we also have a sixth sense for dis honesty that may(12)us.A
Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate(13)a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each(14)to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“What's in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look(15).Half of them found a toy;the other half(16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had(17)them.
4Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were(18)to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.(19),only five of the 30 children paired with the"(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1.A．on B．like C．for D．from
2.A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest
3.A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price
4.A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again
5.A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When
6.A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains
7.A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare
8.A．at B．by C．of D．to
9.A．context B．mood C．period D．circle
10.A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters
11.A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic
12.A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight
13.A．between B．within C．toward D．over
14.A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted
15.A．out B．back C．around D．inside
16.A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered
17.A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked
18.A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled
19.A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance
20.A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable 1.【答案】C
【解析】該題選擇的是介詞，與后面的many worthwhile things一塊做后置定語修飾前面的condition,表明對于許多重要事情來說是一個必要的條件。而A選項from（來自于），C選項like（像）D選項on
（關于）均語義不搭。2.【答案】A
【解析】此處考察語義一致和對上下文辨析的問題。該空是做put的賓語，通過前面的On the one hand,it's a necessary condition(1)many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.(一方面,信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件，比如照看孩子，友誼等)；on the other hand可以得知該題仍然是在講述關于主題trust的問題，所以只有faith（信任）最合適。而B選項concern（關心，關注），C選項attention（注意），D選項interest（興趣，利益）均不符題意。
3.【答案】D
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。前文說到putting your in the wrong place often carries a high
（把……放在錯誤的地方通常會帶來巨大的……），可以知道該空肯定也是填貶義，但肯定不能是debt債務這種具體含義，所以只能選price，并且carries a high price也指付出高昂的代價。
4.【答案】B
【解析】此題考察上下文邏輯關系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，該段所指內容,why do we trust at all?（我們?yōu)槭裁磿湃?？）所以采用了遞進關系，進一步說明信任的具體內容。只有D選項
then(然后，那么)最符合語義搭配。而A選項again（再次）表示強調；B選項instead（然而）表轉折；而C選項therefore（因此）表結果，均不符合。
5.【答案】D
【解析】此處再一次考察邏輯關系。該空people place their trust in an individual or an
institution,their brains release oxytocin，a hormone（人們信任一個人或者一個機構，大腦都會釋放一種荷爾蒙）,只有when（當……時）符合上下文語境和邏輯語境。
6.【答案】B
【解析】該題是考察定語從句的動賓搭配問題。上一句說當人們產生信任感，大腦就會產生一種荷爾蒙，a hormone that(6)pleasurable feelings這個that就是定語從句，指這種荷爾蒙能令人愉悅的感覺，只能是produce最符合語境。
7.【答案】C
【解析】考察詞義辨析。該空所填為動詞，并且要求與之后的with形成搭配。and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to with one another.說明這種荷爾蒙能夠引發(fā)一種群居本能，這種本能能讓羊群聚在一起，and的后面的內容也與前面的flock together同義復現。所以只有connect最符合語境。
8.【答案】D
【解析】該題考察固定搭配。與exposure to構成固定搭配的關系。表示“接觸”
9.【答案】B
【解析】該題考察上下文語義。上文中說到這種荷爾蒙會給人帶來一種愉悅的情緒，通過這個結論，可以得出這種荷爾蒙能讓人有讓人信任的情緒/心緒。只有mood是最合適的答案。
10.【答案】A
【解析】此處仍然是考察上下文語境。上文中In a study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;能從下文得知這也是只本句講另外一組受試者。conuterparts表示對應物，對應的人。
11.【答案】B
【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關系。從后文中的also可以看出前后一致的關系。前文對于這種天賦都是褒義的色彩，所以答案此時應該是lucky。
12.【答案】B
【解析】同樣也是因為also，說明前后一致關系。只能選擇protect.13.【答案】A
【解析】考察固定搭配。A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate a credible person and a dishonest one.選則between意為：14個月大的孩子能在誠實和不誠實的人之間進行區(qū)分。
14.【答案】C
【解析】考察搭配。結合原文語境，“Sixty toddlers were each to adult tester holding a plastic container”選項C“be introduced to sth”表示“初次認識某物。”符合原文語境。
15.【答案】D
【解析】本題考察借此搭配及詞義復現。根據原文“what’s in here?”before looking into the container...Each subject was then invited to.”選項D與前文所表達的in here和looking into相關。因此D為正選。
16.【答案】A
【解析】本題考察詞義復現。根據語境“half of them found a toy;the other half 16 the container was empty...”這是用分好并列連接的兩個句子，屬于并列關系。因此，前半句講一般的受測者在盒子里
面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人會怎么說。像個小分局的結構基本一直。因此本題填入的含義應該與found含義相同。因此，A選項發(fā)現為正選。
17.【答案】C
【解析】根據本題語境，此句在破折號后面，是對前面的意思解釋說明。前面提到了另一半人發(fā)現盒子是空的，并且易世達測試者對他們怎么樣。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定認識到測試者是在戲弄他們，所以對此題必須要理解測試者是主語，賓語是Them指的是受測者。主語的含義決定了謂語的含義為戲弄。因此C選項為正選。
18.【答案】B
【解析】考察搭配。根據句子結構我們可以看出逗號之前是一個介詞短語，意為在所有沒有被戲弄過的孩子里面，大多數的孩子在習得一種新技能的時候與測試者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that they trusted his leadership表明這些孩子信任他的領導。因此，既然信任他們就表示愿意合作。所B選項willing to do構成固定搭配。
19.【答案】A
【解析】本題考察邏輯關系。根據原文語境“”only five of the 30 children paried with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.”通過該句中的only，可以看出與上文的“大多數”形成鮮明對比。因此，本題應該選擇轉折邏輯關系。A選項為正選。
20.【答案】C
【解析】本題考察詞義辨析。根據原文語境；在接下來的活動中，30個孩子中有5個孩子與...樣的測試者能合作，所以結合上文提到的大部分孩子信任測試者，但是5/30屬于小部分，大部分測試者對應的是信任，而小部分應該對應的是不信任。因此，C選項“不可靠”為正選。
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or
D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
Text 1
1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go
unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
2Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering—have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.
3This isn't to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited
workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
4The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums—from grammar school to college
-shoul d ev olve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
5The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.
6Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.
7Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying
the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will
be indispensable.
21.【題干】Who will be most threatened by automation?
【選項】
A.Leading politicians.
B.Low-wage laborers.
C.Robot owners.D．Middle-class workers.
21答案D Middle-class workers
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，題干問道“那些人受自動化威脅最大？”根據段落定位原則，第一題應該到第一段和第二段尋找答案，A選項主要的政治領導人，而原文只是在一段提到了presidential campaign，并未提到政治領導人受自動化影響；B選項低收入勞動者，在二段說道lower-income jobs don’t appeal to robots，說明不會受到影響；C選項機器人的所有者，在二段末句提到the rich own the robots,so they will be fine.可以看到他們也是不受影響的；故選擇C，可以從二段的But后找到根據。
22.【題干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?
【選項】
A.Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
B.Optimists'opinions on new tech find little support.
C.Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
D.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
22答案C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
這是一道作者觀點細節(jié)題，題干問道“下列哪項最能代表作者觀點”根據上一題可知，這道題應該從第三段尋找答案，這種題一般到首句、末句或轉折后尋找觀點。首句就說到上面提到的威脅不是alarmist危言聳聽的；末句提到中產階級工人需要很多幫助來調整自己。根據這兩部分可知選項C是正確的，A選項說對自動化的擔心是groundless的和文意相反；B選項說樂觀主義者對新技術的支持幾乎沒有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，與原文相反；D選項新技術的負面影響可以避免與本段末句不符，既然需要中產階級去適應，那就說明是不可避免的，也應排除。
23.【題干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _.
【選項】
A．creative potential.B．job-hunting skills.C．individual needs.D．cooperative spirit.
23答案A creative potential
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，題干問到“自動化時代的教育應該重視什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到了應對這個時代的第一步就是rethinking education and job training。具體方法在后面也給出來了，curriculums should focus more on creativity and complex communication，更重視創(chuàng)新和復雜的交際，故A選項是正確的。這道題的對應非常直接，其他幾個選項幾乎不構成干擾。
24.【題干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at.
【選項】
A．encouraging the development of automation.B．increasing the return on capital investment.
C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.D．preventing the income gap from widening.
24.答案D．preventing the income gap from widening.
這是一道觀點細節(jié)題，問作者認為稅收政策應該以什么為目標。根據題干關鍵詞定位至第六段，六段首句說因為自動化預示著勞資雙方的收入在擴大，所以，稅收和安全保障也將必須重新考慮。接著第二句就在具體解釋稅收政策該如何改變，如應該免去低工資工人的稅，個人所得稅應該增加，最后一句話指出，這將提高收入，鼓勵就業(yè)，激勵那些創(chuàng)造就業(yè)的公司，減少不平等。由此可得知，關于稅收政策的目標就是阻止收入差距擴大，答案是D。
25.【題干】In this text,the author presents a problem with.
【選項】
A.pposing views on it.
B.possible solutions to it.
C.its alarming impacts.
D.its major variations.
25.答案B．possible solutions to it.
縱觀全文，作者在前兩段提出了一個問題，即自動化將威脅到中產階級工人的工作，第三段指出樂觀主義者認為這也許對工人們是有利的，只不過中產階級工人可能需要做出一定的改變。從第四段到第六段就是作者給出的一些解決辦法，如教育上要改變，培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)造性和實際技能，以及對于稅收政策的調整等，最后一段是概括總結，所以這是一篇提出問題，分析問題并解決問題的文章，所以，答案是B，作者提出了問題，并且給出了可能的解決措施。
Text 2
1A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans
disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a president's social media platform.
2Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
3Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact
from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.
4Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
5Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media．In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.
6So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental
discipline in thinking skills–and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26.【題干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts on
【選項】
A.the justification of the news-filtering practice.
B.people's preference for social media platforms.
C.the administrations ability to handle information.
D.social media was a reliable source of news.
答案[D]social media was a reliable source of news
解析：細節(jié)題。根據題干信息定位到文中第一段與第二段。文章第一段提到在美國超過2/3的年輕人反對總統(tǒng)特朗普使用推特。接著提到美國公民更希望從別的渠道獲得白宮的信息，而不是從總統(tǒng)的社交平臺。第二段第二句指出由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們可能想辦法提高自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)。由此可見，很多美國年輕人懷疑社交媒體值不值得信任。因此D選項符合文意。
27.【題干】The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to
【選項】A A．sharpen B．define C．boast D．share
答案[A]sharpen
解析：猜詞題。根據題干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美國人依靠社交媒體來查看每日頭條。第二句緊接著指出“由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們開始beef up自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)”。由此推測，美國人開始對媒體產生懷疑，所以是想辦法強化自身的知識來辨別媒體可不可靠。選項中只有A項有(強化，加強)的含義。故A項為正確答案。
28.【題干】According to the knight foundation survey,young people
【選項】
A.tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
B.verify news by referring to diverse resources.
C.have s strong sense of responsibility.
D.like to exchange views on“distributed trust”答案<B>verify news by referring to diverse resources.
解析：根據題目中的survey可以得出，本題目為細節(jié)題的研究結論型。題干中已知的關鍵詞the knight foundation survey告訴我們本題在第三段第二句話的位置，原句指出“A knight foundation focus-group survey of young people...found they use distributed trust to verify stories.”，意思是他們使用distributed trust來verify stories。而且下一句又詳細指出，they cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives。結合選項可看出B選項verify與原文一致，news對應原文的
stories，referring to diverse resources即distributed trust，B為正確答案。
29.【題干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
【選項】
A．readers outdated values.B．journalists'biased reporting C．readers'misinterpretation D．journalists'made-up stories.
答案[C]readers’misinterpretation.
解析：根據題目中的Barna survey得出，該題為細節(jié)題中的研究結論型題目。從題干中的關鍵提示信息The Barna survey以及fake news可得出，本題目定位到倒數第二段的位置。該段后半部分提到了Barna survey也提到了fake news，可以定位到About a third這一句，“About a third say the
problem of fake news lies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news via social media.”。題干中的a main cause剛好對應了lie in，所以答案就是misinterpretation，對應選項得出C，readers’misinterpretation。
30.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
【選項】
A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
B．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend C．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.答案[A]A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.
解析：根據題目中的best title可以得出，本題目考查全文主旨。首先，我們可以通過題目中反復出現的信息看出文章與什么話題有關，題目出現了young Americans，并指出了doubts，fake news
problem等負向色彩，因此，整篇文章的傾向是負向的。下一步，文章主旨一般出現在文章的第一段和第二段開頭的位置，第一段是通過survey引出了文章要討論的話題，說出了news和source的話題，第二段第二句通過yet引出要討論的distrust等內容?？偨Y得出，文章講述的話題是news online，傾向態(tài)度是distrust在rise，對應選項就是A項，A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.
Text 3
1Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health
Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients'rights and their expectations of privacy.
2Deep Mind has almost apol ogize d.The NHS trust has mended its way s.Fur ther
arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned．There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms.Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the
data and DeepMind merely“processed"it.But this distinction misses the point that it is
processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.
3The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.4The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms.
Denham's report is a welcome start.
31.【題干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?
【選項】
A.It caused conflicts among tech giants.
B.It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.
C.It fell short of the latter's expectations
D.It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
31.答案B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，問的是關于NHS和DeepMind之間的協議哪一個是對的。根據題干關鍵詞具體定位置首段尾句，Elizabeth指控NHS旗下的一個醫(yī)院，這個醫(yī)院在2015年把160萬病人的信息交給了DeepMind公司，基于一個模糊的協議，這個協議基本沒有考慮到病人們的權利以及他們對于保護自己隱私的期望。由此可知NHS和DeepMind之間的協議沒有考慮到病人的權利，答案是B。A和D選項在文中并未提及，C選項有干擾，沒能滿足后者的期望，但是文中說的是沒有滿足病人們對保護隱私的期望，而不是沒能滿足DeepMind的期望，屬于偷換概念。
32.【題干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
【選項】
A.empty promises.
B.tough resistance.
C.necessary adjustments.
D.sincere apologies.
32.答案C．necessary adjustments.
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，問的是NHS面對對他的指控如何反應，根據關鍵詞定位至第二段第二句，NHS已
經改正錯誤了，短語mend one’s way即改正錯誤，改變習慣的意思，接著下面就具體解釋做出了哪些安排，所以答案是C。
33.【題干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
【選項】
A.privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
B.leaking patients'data is worse than selling it.
C.making profits from patients'data is illegal.
D.the value of data comes from the processing of it
33.答案D．the value of data comes from the processing of it
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，問作者在第二段闡述了什么觀點，沒有具體關鍵詞，所以要通讀第二段，然后和四個選項逐一比對，選出正確選項。A選項說要不惜一切代價保護隱私，B選項說泄露病人隱私比出售隱私更糟糕，C選項說利用病人信息獲利是違法的，這三個選項二段中并未提及。D選項來自二段尾句，這種差別忽略了一點，即他是在加工和整合信息，不僅僅是擁有，而這給了信息以價值。說明信息的價值來自與對信息的加工整合。所以答案是D。
34.【題干】According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is
【選項】
A.the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
B.the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
C.the uncontrolled use of new software.
D.the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
34.答案D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
這是一道具體細節(jié)題，題干問“在最后一段中，這種交易引發(fā)的真正擔憂是什么”回到原文末段，第三句話提到what matters重要的在于they belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources，這句話提到了真正的問題，和題干匹配，所以正確答案就是對這句的同義替換，故選D。A選項制藥公司之間的惡性競爭來自定位句的下一句，但這句只提到制藥公司，并未說他們存在惡性競爭；B選項隱私法的無效實施來自末端首句，但本句只說到the use of privacy law...feels slightly maladapted（不適應的），說成是ineffective程度過深；C選項新軟件的不受控制的使用來自定位句下一句，是在if條件句里面所以也不可能成為真正的問題所在。
35.【題干】The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
【選項】A．ambiguous.B．cautious.
C.appreciative.
D.contemptuous.
35答案B cautious
這是一道態(tài)度題，根據出題位置是最后一題以及定位詞the application of AI to healthcare找到最后一段的相關的詞語digital feudalism數字化封建主義是我們需要去avoid避免的，所以作者態(tài)度應該是消極的，故選B。最后一句還說到Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.說明作者對于這種報道是積極的態(tài)度，而報道在第一段中提到是against反對NHS和DeepMind的交易的，所以可以看出來作者是比較擔心過度的人工智能化的。
Text 4
1The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6
billion for fiscal 2016,the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
2And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
3 Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.4 If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate–where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.There’s no change to collective bargaining at
the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s
costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS$2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.It is not,however,a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36.【題干】The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by.
【選項】
A.its unbalanced budget.
B.its rigid management.
C.the cost for technical upgrading.
D.the withdrawal of bank support.
36.答案<B>its rigid management
解析：細節(jié)題。根據題干信息定位到文章第一段，注意問的是主要原因(partly)。第一段第四句提到“破產原因有很多”。接著第五句以一個長難句指出“從根本上來講，the USPS處于歷史性的壓榨期，這里面就包括對于實用產品以及一類郵件需求量無限期減少而面臨的技術改革，管理結構方面沒能夠靈活地將自己的生產模式適用到現實生活中”。由此可見，主要原因在于管理方面。因此B項為正確答案。句中的Fundamentally與題干中的partly屬于同義替換。
37.【題干】According to Paragraph 2,the USPS fails to modernize itself due to.
【選項】
A.the interference from interest groups.
B.the inadequate funding from Congress.
C.the shrinking demand for postal service.
D.the incompetence of postal unions.
37.答案[A]the interference from interest groups
解析：細節(jié)題。根據題干信息fail以及modernize定位到第二段最后一句。該句提到“這就是近些年來立法改革屢次失敗的原因”，正是題干問的問題。上文提到利益集團，從郵政聯盟，到賀卡制作公司，都對USPS施加壓力，強調無論發(fā)生什么，他們所依賴的現狀都要得到保護。因此，利益集團的干預是改革失敗的主要原因。故選A項。
38.【題干】The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by.
【選項】
A.removing its burden of retiree health care.
B.making more investment in new vehicles.
C.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
D.attracting more first-class mail users.
38.答案[A]removing its burden of retiree health care.
解析：題目中出現了大寫USPS以及具體信息the long-standing complaint等具體內容，可知本題目為具體細節(jié)題。我們需要根據題目中出現的關鍵詞complaint，USPS，union等定位，可以發(fā)現本題目是對本篇文章第三段最后的一部分，最后一句話提到了thus addressing a long-standing complaints by the USPS and its union，這是題目的原詞。所以，答案就是前面的the latter step would...offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。另外，the latter step也指上一句中的shifting postal retiree into Medicare。再對應選項，得出A項removing its burden of retiree health care。
39.【題干】In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with.
【選項】
A．respect.B．tolerance.C．discontent.D．gratitude.
39.答案[C]discontent.
解析：題目中指出了the author對legislator的觀點和看法是什么，與態(tài)度題相關，態(tài)度題一定要通過文中的相關詞找到相應的傾向，判斷好或者壞，向上或者向下。根據題目中的關鍵信息legislator定位到最后一段倒數第二句話，該句在陳述完legislators的內容后，下一句緊跟著一個詞however，明確指出了作者的傾向，并且寫到it is not a sign...，結合前后句的內容，可以得出作者的傾向是明確的負向色彩。選項中表示負面色彩的只有C項discontent。
40.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
【選項】
A.The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
B.The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese
C.The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
D.The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
40.答案[D]The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid.
解析：該題目中的best title為典型的文章主旨題。首先，我們可以通過題目中反復出現的內容來確定文章與什么樣的主題相關，可以看出反復出現了USPS，也就是U.S.Postal Service，并且反復出現了problem，fail to do，address等內容，是有關問題以及解決辦法之類的話題。再來看文章的首段和第二段內容，第一段就指出了U.S.Postal Service在財務上的各種問題，并分析了三方面的原因，第二段就涉及到了很多的解決辦法，并分析這些attempt的影響等具體內容。所以可以得出，正確答案為[D]The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid。
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
[A].In December of 1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans
and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empi re styl e design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
<B>.Completed in 1875,the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied,with its elegant four-story library(completed in 1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary's office decorated with carv ed wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
[C].The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
[D].Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy,21 Secretaries of War,and 24 Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
[E].The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the
national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
[F].Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
[G].The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in 1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In 1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
41.【答案】E
【解析】很多選項中都出現了EEOB這個簡稱，那么就意味著這個專有名詞一定會先有交代它的全稱，再出現簡稱，這里只有D選項符合。
42.【答案】G
【解析】選項中有很多時間，所以這篇文章很可能有明顯的時間線，而G出現了關鍵詞The history of the EEOB
43.【答案】A
【解析】In December of 1869，出現了早的時間，并且文章內容說國會選址開始建，符合邏輯44【答案】B
【解析】F段中說到了建了17年，一邊接一邊修建，B中出現完成Completed in 1875，符合邏輯
45.【答案】D
【解析】講完了建筑特色，再說很多名人在其中發(fā)生的歷史事件，符合邏輯
Part C Translation Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordi nary activ ity and
achievement in the drama.(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs,but in England,as ever ywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular,whether it should be new or old,classical or medi*,literary or farcical.Court,school organizations of amateurs,and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment;and(47)no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old,the first public playhouse was built in London.For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or cour t,or for the choir boys of St.Paul’s and the royal chapel,who,however,gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary;Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit;and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage-where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history,for in this brief period we may trace the beginning,growth,blossoming,and decay of many kinds of plays,and of many great careers.We are amazed today
at the mere number of plays produced,as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the
same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity,we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
【解析】本句主干為Europe was witnessing the passing and the creation。句首by the date of his birth，考查代詞指代，回上文可知為：莎士比亞。under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy為定語，修飾the creation。
【參考譯文】莎士比亞出生之時，宗教戲劇在歐洲正逐漸消亡，而在經典悲劇和戲劇的激發(fā)下，這里正在形成各種新的戲劇形式。
47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
【解析】本句的主干為：no boy could be ignorant that...，意思為：沒有人會不了解...，可以翻譯成：人都了解...。who went to a grammar school為定語從句，修飾no boy，可以前置翻譯為：去文法學校的人都了解....。之后為that引導的賓語從句，賓語從句的主干為the drama was a form of literature，之后為which引導的定語從句，修飾a form of literature，定語從句中might yet do意思為：遲早會...，定語從句可采用后置的翻譯方法：它已經給希臘和羅馬帶來了榮耀，也可能會給英國帶來榮耀。
【參考譯文】那些去文法學校的人都知道，戲劇是文學的一種形式，它已經給希臘和羅馬帶來了榮耀，也遲早會給英國帶來榮耀。
48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
【解析】本句為并列句。前半句the professional companies專業(yè)公司，在本文中指的是專業(yè)戲劇
公司。permanent意為：永久的，固定的，their permanent theaters可翻譯為：固定的劇院。前半句可翻譯為：但是，專業(yè)戲劇公司有了固定的劇院而繁榮發(fā)展起來。后半句with literary ambitions修飾university men，可斷句翻譯為：有文學抱負的大學生迅速投身這些劇院，將其視為謀生的手段。
【參考譯文】但是，專業(yè)戲劇公司在固定的劇院中繁榮發(fā)展起來，有文學抱負的大學生迅速投身這些劇院，并將其視為謀生的手段。
49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
【解析】本句為并列句，前半句主干為a native literary drama had been created，可翻譯為：一種當地的文學戲劇形式已經被創(chuàng)立，其中被動語態(tài)可以直接翻譯為：產生出來。its alliance with the public playhouses established為獨立主格結構，意思為：它和公共劇院的聯盟關系被確立，可翻譯為：它與公共劇院建立了聯盟關系。后半句主干為：traditions had been begun，可翻譯為：最終這種戲劇的一些偉大傳統(tǒng)也開始出現。
【參考譯文】一種當地的文學戲劇藝術已經產生了，它與公眾劇院也建立了聯盟關系，而最終這種戲劇的一些偉大傳統(tǒng)也開始出現。
50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity,we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【解析】本句主干為we must remember that...and that...。句首不定式短語中to realize后為how引導的賓語從句，可以翻譯為：要想知道戲劇藝術的偉大之處。further為狀語，修飾remember，可翻譯為：還必須記住。hosts of plays翻譯為：大量的戲劇作品，其種plays應翻譯為“戲劇作品”。第二個that引導的賓語從句的主干為there is no author，之后of note意思為：重要的、引人注目的、著名的。之后為whose引導的定語從句，修飾author of note，定語從句可用融合法，翻譯為：沒有著名戲劇作者的完整作品保存下來。
【參考譯文】要想知道戲劇藝術的偉大之處，我們還必須記住大量的戲劇作品已經丟失，而且或許
我們也不會知道那些沒有完整作品保存下來的劇作家
Section IV Writing
Part A
51.
Directions:
Write an email to all international experts in your university,inviting them to attend a
graduation ceremony.In this letter,
you should state the time,place and other information about the ceremony.
You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.
Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter,use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)
今年的小作文考查了邀請信，這符合“試題為重”的原則。從難度上來說：比去年的小作文簡單一些。從考查的形式來看：無論是英語一還是英語二，小作文考查書信類和告示類兩種。其中，從近年的考頻來說，書信是考查的重點。在英語一中，小作文之前考查了13年。在這13年中，11年都考查到了書信。在書信中，建議信出現了四年。邀請信考查了一次，是在2013年。當時的要求是：“Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.”當時的考查要更難一些，因為當時沒有給出更多的提示信息，只有一句話“You should include the details you think necessary.”不像今年還給出了“In your email,you should include the time,place an-other relevant information about the ceremony.”因此，學生更有思路了。把自己想象為當事人。如果你去邀請的話，你會怎么寫這封邀請信。
本題要求考生以電子郵件的形式邀請自己所在學校的國際專家出席畢業(yè)典禮。這也算是一個現實生活中比較常見的題材或場景，因此具有較強的實用性。
同所有的作文一樣，寫作者需要考慮的是“內容”和“形式”的有機結合。所謂的“內容”是指關于邀請外國專家參加畢業(yè)典禮的相關事宜，哪些內容應該在電子郵件中必須提到：關于典禮的時間、地點，以及一些有關的信息。所謂的“形式”是指要用適當的方式、適當的語言來表達。由于是邀請國際專家，語體不能過于隨便。
寫作時，按照一般順序。第一段寫自我介紹和寫信目的;第二段改寫題目提綱;第三段再次點題和寫期待。上面的范文就是按照這種順序來寫的。第一段介紹了自己，表明了寫作目的。第二段涵蓋了題目的要點，包括時間和地點要素。題目中還要求寫關于畢業(yè)典禮的其它相關信息，這一點就要求學生們充分發(fā)揮
自己的想象?？梢詫懏厴I(yè)典禮的大體流程，主要內容，但更建議寫邀請的外國專家在典禮上要參加的活動。比如給畢業(yè)生授予畢業(yè)證書和學位證書。第三段真心期待專家們能來，另外，也最好寫上期待他們的回復，以便進行下面的準備工作。
另外，注意格式。A節(jié)作文的評分側重點在于信息點的覆蓋、內容的組織、語言的準確性、格式和語域的恰當。對語法結構和詞匯多樣性的要求將根據具體試題作調整。允許在作文中使用提示語中出現過的個別關鍵詞或詞組，但使用提示語中出現過的句子將被扣分。這一點一定要引起重視!
范文：
Dear Experts,
I am the chairman of the Students'Union of our university.As we all know,our graduation ceremony is around the corner.And I am writing for the purpose of asking whether you can honor us to attend it.
You are admired by all the students and we would be grateful if you could be present at the ceremony to be held in our audi torium on June 26th,at 7 p.m.And on behalf of the university,I genuinely invite you to be our distinguished guests to award graduation certificates to students who have completed the required coursework at passing grades.If so,further details about the activity will be sent.
Your presences are cordially requested and appreciated,and I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
Part B
52.Directions
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures.In y essay,you should
1)describe the pictures briefly;
2)interpret the meaning,and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points
主題分析：一個學生在瀏覽選課系統(tǒng)，圖上給出了許多文字信息，實際上我們可以把這些信息分成兩類就好理解了。左邊的類型是“知識新，重創(chuàng)新，有難度”，右邊的類型是“給分高，易通過，作業(yè)少”，面對這兩種類型的課程，你作為學生會選擇哪一種呢?當然正確的一類應該是選擇“知識新，重創(chuàng)新，有難度”。考生要意識到這個圖畫是要讓大家討論：在選擇課程時，是以什么作為選擇標準?
寫作思路：
第一段：首先來看一下圖畫描述中你會用到的關鍵詞，(老師也想幫大家吐槽一下，歷年的試題中從來就沒有哪一年的關鍵詞像今年這么多啊!)而這些詞不寫貌似是不行滴，哪怕你沒有全翻譯出來，也要把兩種類型課程的特點描述到位。“知識新，重創(chuàng)新，有難度”emphasizing innovation and new knowledge,with much difficulty.“給分高，易通過，作業(yè)少”giving high marks and easily passed,with little homework.不一定要逐詞翻譯，只要能把主要意思寫出來就可以啦!最后圖下面的這個這幾行字可以選擇不寫的，因為它不是主題，只是提示了圖畫情景而已。
第二段：論述的套路可以先說目前有這樣兩類課程，一類的特點是什么，另一類的特點是什么，然后說有些學生看中的是后者，而現在越來越多的學生會選擇前者。然后強調在當今時代背景下，注重知識積累和創(chuàng)新，以及接受新挑戰(zhàn)的重要性。
第三段：尾段的寫作思路就是，倡導正確的做法，然后強調主題的重要性和意義。(這種模板句大家應該都背過很多啊!)比如：Nothing would be more important than cultivating the consciousness of innovation to face new challenge and competition in the upcoming future.
大作文屬于開放式的寫作，對主題的解讀可以有差異化，所以你只要能抓住圖畫的某一個點進行論述，都是可以的!所以不要太擔心主題跑偏的問題，稍事休息，全力準備明天的考試!預祝大家考出好成績!
范文：
In front of a desktop sits a young boy who is staring at the screen and selecting the
curriculum.Apparently,a trace of hesitancy showed in his eyes.He is considering whether to choose the courses which are high scored,easily passed with less homework,or to choose those that contain new knowledge,focus on creating and are difficult to learn.
The implication echoed by this cartoon can be summarized as a philosophic topic in our daily life：the success of a man is closely related to the choice made by himself.Nevertheless,I cherish a belief that we cannot tell whether the selection is good or not,and as long as we adhere to our decision,success will be realized step by step.Although making a choice is es sential to help determine the direction of our way,judged from the per sonal aspect,persistence functions as an indispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us to fulfill our study and work.However,some people,pacing up and down,are not industrious and try to find a short-cut success.In fact,only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.
Accordingly,persistence and making our own decision rationally are badly needed in every
aspect of our society.In order to bring out this potential capability,our education system is supposed to be reformed fundamentally,focusing on cultivating the ability of confronting challenges.As an old saying goes:”No pain,no gain.”
以上就是【2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析】的全部解答，如果你想學習更多考研相關知識，歡迎大家前往高頓教育官網考研頻道！