1. A trader enters into a short position of 20 futures contracts at an initial futures price $ 85.00. Initial margin, per contract, is $7.50. Maintenance margin, per contract, is $7.00. Each contract is for one unit of the underlying asset. Over the next three days, the contract settles at $86.00, $84.25, $85.5, his/her margin account during the period, but does post variation margin sufficient to meet any maintenance margin calls, the balance in the margin account will be:
  A. $150.00 at initiation and $140.00 at settlement on day 3
  B. $150.00 at initiation and $150.00 at settlement on day 3
  C. $150.00 at initiation and $160.00 at settlement on day 3
  Correct answer = C
  當(dāng)遇到MARGIN CALL時(shí),應(yīng)該回復(fù)到initial margin,該題正確解題過(guò)程應(yīng)該是initial margin=20*7.5=150dollar,
  *9天損失(86-85)*20=20dollar,*9天末余額為130,需要存入20dollar,余額為150
  第二天收益(86-84.25)*20=35dollar第二天末余額為185dollar
  第三天損失(85.5-84.25)*20=25dollar第三天末余額為160dollar
  2. 四種利率衍生產(chǎn)品
  *9種:FRAs
  1) 基礎(chǔ)資產(chǎn):LIBOR
  2) Descriptive Notation: 比如The term (maturity) of a forward rate agreement is 90 days and the underlying rate is 180-day LIBOR.——Descriptive Notation 是3*9。
  3)  FRA到期日結(jié)算金的計(jì)算:
  [名義本金×(市場(chǎng)LIBOR – FRA rate)×(貸款期限/360)]/[1+市場(chǎng)LIBOR×(貸款期限/360)]
  第二種:Short-Term Interest Rate Futures
  1) T-bill futures:
  基礎(chǔ)資產(chǎn):90-day $1,000,000 U.S. Treasury bill
  報(bào)價(jià)方式:報(bào)的是折價(jià)率,如5%,那么T-bill futures的價(jià)格是$1,000,000*[1 – 5%*(90/360)]
  2) Eurodollar futures
  基礎(chǔ)資產(chǎn):90天的歐洲美元存款(這是一種短期存款,價(jià)值和利率是負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系)
  多頭方何時(shí)獲利:當(dāng)LIBOR下降時(shí),歐洲美元短期存款的價(jià)值上升,此時(shí)對(duì)long方是好事,即long方獲利。
  報(bào)價(jià)方式:1) IMM Index 2) Each basis point (0.01%) move for both futures is equivalent to $25.
  Example:
  Q1. The IMM index price in yesterday’s newspaper for a September Eurodollar futures contract is 95.23. What is the actual price of this contract?
  Rate= 100-95.23=4.77
  Actual price: 1,000,000*(1-rate*(90/360)) = 988,075
  Q2. The IMM index price in today’s newspaper for the contract mentioned above is 95.25. How much is the change in the actual futures price of the contract since the previous day?
  New Rate= 100-95.25=4.75
  New Rate- Rate=-2 basis points
  The change: 2*$25=$50
  第三種:Interest Rate Options
  1)  基礎(chǔ)資產(chǎn):利率。利率上升,call option的long方是盈利的, put option的long方是虧損的。
  2)  和FRA的關(guān)系:FRA=long interest rate call option + short interest rate put option
  3)  Expiration Date和Settlement date是不同的,而且在到期日如果Libor>X(對(duì)于Call)時(shí),才會(huì)執(zhí)行。
  第四種:Interest Rate Swaps
  1) 定義:固定利率和浮動(dòng)利率的交換
  2) 特點(diǎn):1)期初本金不交換;2)中間利息交換的是凈值(netting);3)期末本金也不交換。
  3) 結(jié)算金:
  4) (Net fixed-rate payment)t=(notional principal)(swap fixed rate – LIBORt-1) (number of days/360)
  5) 注意:1)上述公式是pay fixed rate一方的payment。2)用到的浮動(dòng)利率是上一期的LIBOR,而不是本期的LIBOR。
  它們有什么樣的關(guān)系
  1. 當(dāng)利率上升時(shí),F(xiàn)RA的long方是盈利的,但是T-bill futures & Eurodollar futures的long方是虧損的。
  2. FRA=long interest rate call option + short interest rate put option
  3. Interest rate swaps是一系列的FRA。
  
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