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  Indenture是借貸雙方的合約。zero-coupon bonds,到期付par value,中間不付息,所以高折價發(fā)行,一般用半年期折現(xiàn)accrual bonds,類似zero coupon,以par value發(fā)行,有coupon rate,按利息按復(fù)利,到期結(jié)算step-up notes,coupon rate逐漸上漲。
  Fix income derevative and alternative investments
  Indenture是借貸雙方的合約。
  zero-coupon bonds,到期付par value,中間不付息,所以高折價發(fā)行,一般用半年期折現(xiàn)
  accrual bonds,類似zero coupon,以par value發(fā)行,有coupon rate,按利息按復(fù)利,到期結(jié)算
  step-up notes,coupon rate逐漸上漲
  deferred-coupon bonds,*9次付息推遲。
  浮息債券
  new coupon rate=reference rate+-quoted margin,upper limit 叫cap,lower limit叫floor,組合叫collar
  accrual bonds在付息日之間交易,有clean price和full price,計算交易日為止未付的利息。
  Bond中的Option
  call feature,發(fā)債人可以以高于par value的價格買回,在call protection時期不能買回。
  prepayment option,允許發(fā)債人提前支付本金給amortizing security
  put feature,允許bondholder 提前收回principal
  conversion option,允許bondholder轉(zhuǎn)換一定數(shù)量的普通股;如允許交換別的公司股票,叫做 exchange option
  回購協(xié)議,repo,賣證券的公司承諾在特定時間特定價格買回證券。相當(dāng)于投資者借錢給公司。比margin loan利率低限制少
  債券風(fēng)險:
  1.利率風(fēng)險
  2.call risk
  3.prepayment risk
  4.yield curve risk
  5.reinvestment risk
  6.credit risk-default risk, credit spread risk, downgrade risk
  7. liquidity risk
  8.exchange-rate risk
  9.volatility risk
  10.inflation risk
  11.event risk
  Duration:是yield改變1%,price改變的百分比
  duration=%change in priceyield change in %
  國際債券的種類:
  1.foreign bonds,別國在本國發(fā)行的bonds
  2.eurobonds,別國發(fā)行多國交易
  3.global bonds,
  4.sovereign debt,政府發(fā)行
  美國政府發(fā)行的債券:
  1.treasury security:可以認(rèn)為risk free
  2.treasury bill,小于一年,沒有利息支付,折價發(fā)行,
  3.treasury notes和treasury bonds,半年付息,notes一般2,3,5和10年。bonds一般20和30年
  treasury inflation protected securities(TIPS),每半年根據(jù)CPI調(diào)整par value
  coupon payment=inflation adjusted par value X ( stated coupon2)
  treasury strips,用notes和bonds來組合成zero coupon。分為coupon strips和principal strips
  Mortgage passthrough securities,把大量mortgage打包整合,賣股份(participation certificates)
  CMOs, collateralized mortgage obligations, 由MPS組成,用不同的tranches(slices)來claim不同的cash flow
  municipal bonds(munis),通常免稅。兩種:tax-backed debt, revenue bonds
  Corporate bonds
  secured bonds有優(yōu)先claim權(quán),針對特定的assets
  unsecured bonds叫debenture,有優(yōu)先claim權(quán)的叫senior bonds,junior bonds或者subodinated bonds次級優(yōu)先。都在優(yōu)先股和普通股之前claim
  Asset backed securities(ABS) , 金融資產(chǎn)抵押的債券,降低借貸成本,special purpose vehicle可以有高的credit rating,即使金融資產(chǎn)個別有問題,也不會影響ABS的評級。credit可以通過LC,bond insurance加強,進一步降低借貸成本.
  其他工具:
  Negotiable CDs,二級市場交易的,backed by bank assets。Eurodollor CDs是美元計價在美國外發(fā)行的。
  bankers acceptances,用于保證支付和貨物送達(dá),折現(xiàn)交易,短期,limited liquidity
  CDOs,Collateralized debt obligations,一堆debt的 組合,可以包括公司債,bank loans,emerging market debts,MBS,或其他CDOs
  一級市場發(fā)行bonds包括承銷和best-efforts public offerings,還有private placements
  二級市場有交易所交易,OTC交易(dealer market)
  央行貨幣工具:
  1.discount rate
  2.open market operations(最常用)
  3.band reserve requirements
  4.persuading banks to tighten or loosen their credit policies
  Pure expectation theory, yield curve 只反映未來的短期利率的期望。
  短期利率預(yù)期上升->upward sloping curve
  預(yù)期下降->downward sloping curve
  預(yù)期上升然后下降->humped yield curve
  保持不變->flat yield curve
  Liquidity preference theory, yield curve是upward sloping,反映時限越長,premium要求越高
  Market segmentation theory,借貸雙方對期限有各自偏好,yield curve的形狀跟每一個期限段內(nèi)的需求供給相關(guān)
  Yield spread
  名義Yield spread是2個bond的market yield的差,由credit quality, call features, tax treatment, maturity 影響
  absolute yield spread絕對差
  relative yield spread相對差
  yield ratio
  Bond valuation process
  1.估計現(xiàn)金流
  2.設(shè)定discount rate,基于現(xiàn)金流的風(fēng)險
  3.計算現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值
  4.timing of principal repayments is not known with certainty
  5.coupon payments are not known with certainty
  6.the bond is convertiable or exchangeable into another security
  Bond price 可以表示成par value的百分比,或者yield。
  YTM是半年付的未來現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)到目前價格的單一折現(xiàn)率。半年息X2=年息,也叫bond equivalent yield
  zero coupon bond price = face value(1+YTM2) ^2N, 反過來可以算YTM
  spot rate & no arbitrage value, 可用于套利
  bond 收入的3種來源,coupon payments,本金回收資本利得,reinvestment income
  bond selling at par, coupon rate= current yield=yield to maturity
  at premium,coupon rate>current yield > yield to maturity
  at discount, coupong rate < current yield < yield to maturity
  算YTC用call price作為FV和合適的terminal period
  bootstripping spot rate,知道頭幾年的spot rate算后一年的
  forward rate
  Option-Adjusted Spread OAS
  Zero-Volatility Spread Z-spread
  Z-spread - OAS = option cost in %
  Duration & Convexity
  衡量interest rate risk的兩種方法:
  1. full valuationscenario analysis approach
  1)start with a current market yield and price
  2)estimate changes in yields
  3)r*ue bonds
  4)compare new value to current value
  2.durationconvexity approach, 較簡單
  算effective duration= (V_-V+)(2×V0×Δy), ed用于有option的bond,modified duration用于option free的bond, 兩個都是用于利率變化很小的情況下。變化較大還需引入convexity effect
  % change in price = duration effect+convexity effect= [duration×Δy + convexity × Δy^2]×100
  price value of a basis point(PVBP)=duration × 0.0001× value
  derivative investment
  衍生品是衍生自其他資產(chǎn)的價值或資產(chǎn)回報的價值。
  contigent claim 某事件發(fā)生時未來的payoff, option contract是contigent claim也是衍生品
  forward commitment是未來買進或賣出某個資產(chǎn)的合約。future,swap,forward contract是FC,也是衍生品
  Forwards和swap是dealer做的交易,不影響二級市場
  future contract在future exchange交易,是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的forward contract,regulated,backed by clearinghouse,要求當(dāng)天結(jié)算daily settlement
  部分option contract在option exchange交易,部分由dealer發(fā)起,不影響二級市場
  swap是一系列的forward contract,floating對fixed rate,或者不同貨幣不同interest rate交換
  callput option writer有obligation,buyer有right
  deliverable forward contract: long 在未來特定的時間pay a certain amount to the short,short交割asset,雙方都不付initiation
  cash settlement forward contract: 不要求實物交割,只在最后輸?shù)囊环礁跺X給贏的一方
  early termination是再反向買一份forward contract 沖銷原來的一份,鎖定收益或損失
  currency forward,用于鎖定匯率
  bond forward通常是zero coupon bond
  forward rate agreement (FRA) 是約定在未來時間按約定的利率借或貸。long position是borrow方,當(dāng)時利率超過約定利率,long賺錢,對于long的盈虧公式如下:
  LIBOR是美元為貨幣的銀行間短期利率,Euribor是歐元為貨幣的短期利率
  forward跟future對比
  margin:initial, maintenance, variation
  marking to market, 到maintenance margin時會受到margin call,必須補回到initial margin
  多數(shù)future是offsetting掉了,也有exchange for physicals如delivery,cash settlement和off-exchange delivery
  Call option的long是right to buy, short是obligation to sell
  put option的long是right to sell,short是obligation to buy
  strike price X是行權(quán)價, stock option一般是100股為單位
  美式權(quán)證到期前任何時間行權(quán),歐式權(quán)證到期日行權(quán)
  in-the-money, at-the-money, out-of-the-money
  intrinsic value, time value
  asset price上漲,call option value上漲,put下跌;
  X下跌,call上漲,put下跌
  risk-free rate上漲,call 上漲,put下跌
  波動增加,call上漲,put上漲
  interest rate option,行權(quán)價是interest rate,payoff基于參考rate,比如LIBOR,現(xiàn)金settle;long call和short put的組合可以跟FRA的payoff一樣,但支付是在loan結(jié)束后,比如30,60,90day
  FRA在fra結(jié)束后立刻支付。
  commodity option
  index option
  options on future
  option價值的上下限
  Put-call parity
  fiduciary call :call option + risk-free bond
  protective put:stock + long put
  C+X(1+Rf)^T=S+P,  換位,S=….., C=…..P=……X=……, 兩邊一旦不平衡,出現(xiàn)套利機會,買便宜的一邊
  Swap的特點:
  1.除currency swap外,都不需要付initiation
  2.定制
  3.不在二級市場交易
  4.unregulated
  5.default risk很關(guān)鍵
  6.機構(gòu)主導(dǎo)
  結(jié)束swap的方法
  1.互相達(dá)成
  2.offsetting
  3.resale 給第三方
  4.exercising a swapion,option to enter into an offsetting swap
  currency swap的特點:
  1.開始時交換本金,兩種貨幣互換
  2. 互相支付完整利息,不netting
  3.結(jié)束時,按照開始時交換的幣值再換回來(不考慮當(dāng)時匯率)
  plain vanilla interest rate swaps, paying fixed and receiving floating
  不互換本金,付息時,只交換net payment,0和游戲。
  期限叫tenor,付息日叫settlement date,本金叫notional principal,浮動利率是LIBOR flat 或者LIBOR+spread
  fixed rate payer方的公式:
  Equity Swap,某種資產(chǎn)的收益跟fixed payment 互換。
  option payoff的圖
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