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        9. IAS 19 Employee benefits
　　1 Four categories of employee benefits given by IAS 19
　　. short term benefits,ie salary, social security contributions and paid annual leave
　　. post employment benefits, ie pensions and post-employment medical care
　　. other long-term benefits, ie profit shares, bonuses or deferred compensation payable later than 12 months after the year end, sabbatical leave
　　. termination benefits, ie early retirement payments and redundancy payments
　　Definition:
　　Current service cost: is the increase in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from employee service in the current period.
　　Interest cost: is the increase during a period in the present value of a defined benefit obligation which arises because the benefits are one period closer to settlement.
　　The interest cost in the statement of comprehensive income is the present value of the defined benefit obligation as at the start of the year multiplied by the discount rate.
　　2. Short-term employee benefits
　　- unused holiday leave
　　Q 8：A company gives its employees an annual entitlement to paid holiday leave. If there is any unused leave at the end of the year, employees are entitled to carry forward the unused leave for up to 12 months. At the end of 20X9, the company’s employees carried forward in total 50 days of unused holiday leave.
　　Employees are paid $100 per day.
　　Required
　　State the required accounting for the unused holiday carried forward.
　　Solution
　　The short-term accumulating compensated absences should be recognized as a cost in the year when the entitlement arises, ie in 20X9.
　　3 Post employment benefit plan:
　　defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans
　　Defined contribution plans: the employer (and possibly current employees too) pay regular contributions into the plan of a given or defined amount each year. The contributions are invested, and the size of the post-employment benefits paid to former employees depends on how well or how badly the plan’s investments perform. If the investments perform well, the plan will be able to afford higher benefits than if the investments performed less well.
　　Defined benefit plans: the size of the post employment benefits is determined in advance, ie the benefits are defined. The employer (and possible current employees too) pay contributions into the plan, and the contributions are invested. The size of the contributions is set at an amount that is expected to earn enough investment returns to meet the obligation to pay the post employment benefits. If, however, it becomes apparent the assets in the fund are insufficient, the employer will be required to make additional contributions into the plan to make up the expected shortfall. Otherwise the employer may take a ‘contribution holiday’.
　　4 Defined benefit plans: recognition and measurement
　　An outline of the method used for an employer to account for the expenses and obligation of a defined benefit plan is given below.
　　(1) Actuarial assumptions: should be used to make a reliable estimate of the amount of future benefits employees have earned from service in relation to the current and prior years.
　　(2) Future benefits: should be attributed to service performed by employees in the current period, and in prior periods, using the Projected Unit Credit Method. This gives a total present value of future benefit obligations arising from past and current periods of service.
　　(3) Fair value of any plan assets should be established.
　　(4)Size of any actuarial gains or losses are determined, and the amount of these that will be recognised.
　　(5)If the benefits payable under the plan have been improve, the extra cost arising from past service should be determined.
　　A past service cost arises when an entity either introduces a defined benefits plan or improves the benefits payable under an existing plan. As a result, the entity has taken on additional obligations that it has not hitherto provided for.
　　(6) If the benefits payable under the plan have been reduced or cancelled, the resulting gain should be determined.
　　Q9 Past service costs
　　Watkins Co operates a pension plan that provides a pension of 2% of final salary for every year of service and the benefits become vested after five years’ service. On 1 January 20X6 Watkins Co improved the pension to 2.5% of final salary for every year of service starting from 1 January 20X2.
　　At the date of improvement, the present value of the additional benefits for service from 1 January 20X2 to 1 January 20X6 is as follows.

　

$m

Employees with more than 5 years’ service at 1/11/X6

300

Employees with less than 5 years’ service at 1/11/X6
（average period until vesting = 3 years）


240

　

540

　　A constructive obligation, which will arise from the entity’s informal practices, exist when the entity has no realistic alternative but to pay employee benefits.
　　In the statement of financial position, the amount recognized as a defined benefit liability (which may be a negative amount, ie an asset) should be the total of the following:
　　(a) The present value of the defined obligation at the year end, plus
　　(b) Any actuarial gains or minus any actuarial losses that have not yet been recognized, minus
　　(c) Any past service cost not yet recognized (if any), minus
　　(d) The fair value of the assets of the plan as at the year end (if there are any) out of which the future obligations to current and past employees will be directly settled
　　If this total is a negative amount, there is an asset in the position statement asset and this should be shown there as the lower of (a) and (b) below.
　　(a) The figure as calculated above
　　(b) The total of the present values of:
　　(i) Any unrecognized actuarial losses and past service costs
　　(ii) Any refunds expected from the plan
　　(iii) Any reductions in future contributions to the plan because of the surplus
　　The determination of a discount rate is covered below
　　The expense that should be recognized in the statement of comprehensive income (in profit or loss for the year) for post-employment benefits in a defined benefit plan is the total of the following:
　　(a) The current service cost
　　(b) Interest
　　(c) The expected return on any plan assets
　　(d) The actuarial gains or losses, to the extent that they are recognized
　　(e) Past service cost to the extent that it is recognized
　　(f) The effect of any curtailments or settlements
　　A curtailments: when an entity cuts back on the benefits available under a defined benefit scheme, so that there is either a significant reduction in the number of employees eligible for the post-employment benefits, or there is a reduction in the post-employment benefits that will be given for the future service of current employees.
　　A settlement: when an employer pays off its post employment benefit obligations in exchange for making a lump sum payment, or when an employer reduces the size of post employment benefits payable in the future in respect of past service.
　　Actuarial assumptions: made should be unbiased and based on market expectations.
　　Discount rates:used should be determined by reference to market yields on high-quality fixed-rate corporate bonds.