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        ACCA《公司戰(zhàn)略與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理》知識(shí)點(diǎn):關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)概念
  Key Underpinning concepts(Moral Stance)
  An Appropriate Moral Stance
  Translate into appropriate actions
  Improve trust in agent relation
  Ethical/Moral Stance
  =Essential
  =Ingredient
  Of good corporate governance
  Fairness Honest/Probity Judgment
  Transparency Responsibility Integrity
  Independent Accountability Reputation
  Fairness
  “The systems and values in the company must be balanced in taking into account all those that have an interest in the company and its future.”
  Sense of equality,in terms of
  1)Judgment
  2)Treatment to Stakeholder
  Transparency( 2007 Dec Q1 & 2008 Jun Q1 )
  What is transparency?
  Openness,Clarity and Not Concealment
  Lack of withholding relevant information
  True picture of what is happening inside the company Management need to develop the appropriate culture in the company at all level
  Why need transparency?
  Reflection of Good Corporate Governance Practice
  Improve Investor confidence & gain trust
  Allow Shareholder/Investor→Decision-making for fund allocation
  Dispel Stakeholder suspicion & manage their claim
  Independence
  Free from bias and influenced by others
  Separation of CEO & Chairman
  Independent NEDs(no involvement in operation)
  Use of internal & external auditor
  Probity and honesty
  Fundamental ethical stance,mainly in reporting & dealing with stakeholders
  Involving integrity,honor,virtue and fair dealing
  Truthfulness or no misleading stakeholder
  Responsibility
  Pertains to behavior that allows for corrective action and for penalizing mismanagement
  Willingness by management to accept liability for the outcome of governance decision
  Precondition:clearly define role & responsibility for actions
  Responsibility
  [i.e.] Responsibility of Director
  Act in the best interest of Shareholder instead of their own interest
  Set the company on the right path no matter how painful this maybe or against their own interest
  Accountability
  “Individual or groups in a company,who make Decisions and take actions on specific issues,need to be accountable for their decisions and actions”
  →Answerable or able to explain
  →(Why)Since they have such responsibility
  Available Mechanism→Effective to allow for accountability
  Two way process
  Director Shareholder
  Provide necessary→Take the opportunity to
  Info. & mechanism←query & assess the actions
  to shareholder of director
  Judgment
  Professional judgment with due consideration Rational decision-making based on qualified evidence→Reach meaningful conclusions
  [Implication] Managers should have a thorough understanding of entity‘s operation,business environment,risk & opportunities with necessary & appropriate skills
  Integrity
  Fundamental principle underpinning the trust Straightforward,honest,fair dealing and truthfulness Integrity of the entity
  →comes from integrity of each individual
  →director is required to possess such personal
  ethical position & exercise absolute integrity all the time
  Integrity [Why is it so important](2009 Dec Q3)It goes beyond any code of professional behavior
  Provide assurance & improve trust
  Reduce time & energy spent in monitoring
  Cultivates good working relationship
  Win a culture of mutual support
  →Beneficial effect on an organization effectiveness
  Reputation
  “It carries an appropriate market capitalization premium or discount for listed companies.”
  How people view you?“Brand ,Quality & Service”
  Highly depends on the reputation of its managers and employees
  Cumulative result of other underpinning concept