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　　RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER F8 AND
　　PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES 17 AND 18
　　Audit risk
　　Candidates studying Paper F8, Audit and Assurance, are required under the
　　syllabus to: ‘Explain the components of audit risk and explain the risks of
　　material misstatement in the financial statements’。
　　This element of the syllabus has been examined in the last three sessions of
　　Paper F8 – in June 2010, December 2010 and June 2011. However, the
　　performance of candidates has on the whole been unsatisfactory. This article
　　aims to identify the most common mistakes made by candidates as well as
　　clarifying how audit risk questions should be tackled in order to maximise
　　marks.
　　An example question requirement relating to audit risks is as follows:
　　Describe the audit risks and explain the auditor’s response to each risk in planning
　　the audit of XYZ Co.
　　Previously examined risk questions have carried a mark allocation of 10 marks.
　　However, a significant majority of candidates have not passed this part of the
　　question. Common mistakes made include:
　　? providing definitions of the audit risk model, even though this was not
　　part of the question requirement
　　? a lack of understanding of what audit risk is and providing business risks
　　instead
　　? not providing an adequate response to the risk. This needs to be from
　　the perspective of the auditor and not from management’s perspective
　　? a limited range of risks identified, often just focusing on one area such
　　as going concern.
　　Audit risk definitions
　　Audit risk is defined as ‘the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate
　　audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated. Audit
　　risk is a function of the risks of material misstatement and detection risk’。
　　Hence, audit risk is made up of two components – risks of material
　　misstatement and detection risk.
　　Risk of material misstatement is defined as ‘the risk that the financial
　　statements are materially misstated prior to audit. This consists of two
　　components… inherent risk … control risk.’
　　Inherent risk is ‘the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction,
　　account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either
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　　individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before
　　consideration of any related controls.’
　　Control risk is ‘the risk that a misstatement that could occur in an assertion
　　about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and that could be
　　material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will
　　not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s
　　internal control.’
　　Detection risk is defined as ‘the risk that the procedures performed by the
　　auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a
　　misstatement that exists and that could be material, either individually or when
　　aggregated with other misstatements.’
　　Audit risk questions require candidates to identify risks of material
　　misstatements, which include inherent and control risks as well as detection
　　risks.
　　Audit risk model
　　In all three sessions a number of candidates have wasted valuable time by
　　describing the audit risk model along with definitions of audit risk, inherent
　　risk, control and detection risk. Unless the question requirement specifically
　　asks for the ‘components of audit risk’ or ‘a description of the audit risk
　　model’， candidates should not provide definitions of audit risk, inherent risk,
　　control risk or detection risk as no marks are available.
　　Audit risk versus business risk
　　The main area where candidates continue to lose marks is that they do not
　　actually understand what audit risk relates to. Hence, they frequently provide
　　answers that consider the risks the business would face or ‘business risks’，
　　which are outside the scope of the syllabus. There are no marks available for
　　business risks.
　　Business risks are defined as ‘a risk resulting from significant conditions,
　　events, circumstances, actions or inactions that could adversely affect an
　　entity’s ability to achieve its objectives and execute its strategies, or from the
　　setting of inappropriate objectives and strategies’。
　　Risks must be related to the risk arising in the audit of the financial statements
　　and should include the financial statement assertion impacted. Therefore,
　　audit risks should be related back to relevant assertions.
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　　ISA 315, Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through
　　Understanding the Entity and Its Environment identifies the following assertions:
　　? Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under
　　audit – occurrence completeness, accuracy, cut off and classification.
　　? Assertions about account balances at the period end – existence, rights
　　and obligations completeness, and valuation and allocation.
　　? Assertions about presentation and disclosure – occurrence and rights
　　and obligations, completeness, classification and understandability, and
　　accuracy and valuation.
　　In addition, a risk can relate to a practical problem the audit team may face,
　　such as attendance at inventory counts where the company has multiple sites
　　holding simultaneous inventory counts, or if the company has had significant
　　changes in their finance department and so the risk of fraud and error has
　　increased.
　　The common mistake is for candidates to identify a relevant issue from the
　　scenario and then consider the risk to the company rather than to the auditor,
　　linking into the related assertion.
　　Therefore, using Question 3b from the June 2011 exam: ‘The travel agents are
　　given a 90-day credit period to pay Donald Co; however, due to difficult trading
　　conditions, a number of the receivables are struggling to pay.’ The audit risk
　　related to this point is that if receivables are struggling to pay, then they may
　　be overstated and, hence, valuation of receivables is the relevant risk.
　　The business faces the risk of slow cash flows and so there is a business risk
　　related to the liquidity of Donald Co. While going concern is an audit risk, the
　　above point from the scenario is not sufficient on its own to indicate going
　　concern risk.
　　In addition, Question 1a from the June 2010 exam told candidates: ‘Purchase
　　orders for overseas paint are made six months in advance and goods can be in
　　transit for up to two months.’ The explanation of the audit risk would be to
　　ascertain that the cut-off of inventory is appropriate at the year end. However,
　　many candidates explained that the company may encounter problems with
　　stock-outs of goods, which is focused more on operational business risk rather
　　than on the risks to the financial statements.
　　Other examples of audit risks include:
　　? treatment of capital and revenue expenditure – the risk here could relate
　　to existence of property plant and equipment if revenue expenditure has
　　been capitalised rather than charged as an expense in the income
　　statement
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　　NOVEMBER 2011
　　? valuation of inventory – when, for example, there are considerable levels
　　of aged inventory
　　? completeness of liabilities – this could arise if provisions have been
　　incorrectly treated as contingent liabilities
　　? completeness of revenue – this could be relevant where the entity being
　　audited has significant cash sales.
　　Responses to audit risks
　　Having identified the audit risk candidates are often required to identify the
　　relevant response to these risks. A common mistake made by candidates is to
　　provide a response that management would adopt rather than the auditor.
　　From Question 3b June 2011, in relation to the risk of valuation of receivables,
　　as Donald Co had a number of receivables who were struggling to pay, many
　　candidates suggested that management needed to chase these outstanding
　　customers. This is not a response that the auditor would adopt, as they would
　　be focused on testing valuation through after date cash receipts or reviewing
　　the aged receivables ledger.
　　Auditor’s responses should focus on how the team will obtain evidence to
　　reduce the risks identified to an acceptable level. Their objective is confirming
　　whether the financial statement assertions have been adhered to, and whether
　　the financial statements are true and fair.
　　Responses are not as detailed as audit procedures; instead they relate to the
　　approach the auditor will adopt to confirm whether the transactions or
　　balances are materially misstated. Therefore, in relation to the risk of going
　　concern, the response is to focus on performing additional going concern
　　procedures, such as reviews of cash flow forecasts.
　　Also, auditor responses should not be too vague such as ‘increase substantive
　　testing’ without making it clear how, or in what area, this would be addressed.
　　In addition, candidates’ must ensure that they do not provide impractical
　　responses. A common example of this is to request directly from the
　　company’s bank as to whether the bank will provide a loan or renew a bank
　　overdraft. The bank is not going to provide this type of information to the
　　auditor, especially if they have not yet informed the company, and therefore
　　this response will not generate any marks.
　　Limited range of risks identified
　　In order to score well in risk questions it is advisable to aim to identify a
　　breadth of points from the question scenario. If the question asks for a specific
　　number of audit risks, such as five, then it is not sufficient to identify just one
　　or two risks. In addition, a common mistake is to identify a risk such as going
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　　NOVEMBER 2011
　　concern and then give this answer over and over again. In Question 3b of the
　　June 2011 exam, there was only a maximum of one mark available for the
　　description of going concern risk.
　　Each scenario will have a variety of audit risks and candidates should, as part
　　of their planning, aim to identify as many as possible. They should then decide
　　which of the identified risks they will explain/describe in their answer. If the
　　question asks for five risks, candidates should aim to identify six or seven
　　points during their initial reading of the question. Candidates should then
　　review their list and pick the five risks and responses that they feel they can
　　expand on the most when writing up their answer.
　　Conclusion
　　Audit risk is, and will continue to be, an important element of the Paper F8
　　syllabus. Candidates must understand the syllabus outcomes, understand what
　　the question requirements involve and practise risk questions prior to the
　　exam.
　　Pami Bahl is the examiner for Paper F8
　　小編寄語：成功與不成功之間有時距離很短——只要后者再向前幾步。
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