ACCA F3 Financial Accounting(International)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則內(nèi)容解析
  本周學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展部請(qǐng)來ACCA講師王朝科為大家介紹ACCA以及F3 Financial Accounting的相關(guān)信息。
 
  ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants特許公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)師公會(huì)) 成立于1904年,是全球*2規(guī)模的國(guó)際專業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)師組織,為全世界有志投身于財(cái)務(wù)、會(huì)計(jì)以及管理領(lǐng)域的專才提供[*{6}*]的資格認(rèn)證。目前ACCA在全球180個(gè)國(guó)家有170,000 名會(huì)員及436,000名學(xué)員。其中,中國(guó)擁有超過23,000名會(huì)員及48,000名學(xué)員。ACCA致力于培養(yǎng)會(huì)計(jì)師的專業(yè)能力,支持采納統(tǒng)一的國(guó)際準(zhǔn)則,并從雇主的技能需求出發(fā),為會(huì)員和學(xué)員的事業(yè)發(fā)展提供完善的專業(yè)服務(wù)。
  F3 Financial Accounting的考試內(nèi)容是從發(fā)生交易后做借貸記賬開始,接著錄入總賬,然后檢查和改正記賬(試算平衡表trial balance),最后是編制年底的四張主要報(bào)表。在這個(gè)流程中會(huì)使用到相關(guān)的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,目前總共有43個(gè)有效的國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(IFRS and IAS),而F3要求考生掌握其中的13個(gè)準(zhǔn)則。下面給大家介紹六個(gè)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和相關(guān)的考試。
 
  例題:
 
  (1) IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
  IAS 1規(guī)定了三張報(bào)表的基本格式,財(cái)務(wù)狀況表(statement of financial position)、綜合收益表(statement of comprehensive income)和權(quán)益變動(dòng)表(statement of changes in equity)。F3的考試可能會(huì)問到比如某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的類別,流動(dòng)或非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn);或者是某些項(xiàng)目是放到哪張報(bào)表里面。這里的難點(diǎn)是綜合收益表和權(quán)益變動(dòng)表的關(guān)系,特別是在綜合收入表后半部分的其它綜合收入表當(dāng)中的項(xiàng)目,比如資產(chǎn)重估增值的列報(bào)。
  Example 1:
  Which of the following should appear in a company’s statement of changes in equity?
  (1) Total comprehensive income for the year
  (2) Amortisation of capitalised development costs
  (3) Surplus on r*uation of non-current assets
  (a) 1, 2 and 3
  (b) 2 and 3 only
  (c) 1 and 3 only
  (d) 1 and 2 only
 
  (2) IAS 2 Inventory
  IAS 2是對(duì)流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)存貨做相應(yīng)的規(guī)定,其中包括存貨定義、確認(rèn)、計(jì)量和披露等主要內(nèi)容??忌€需要掌握一些常見的存貨計(jì)算方法,比如FIFO、LIFO和Weighted-Average,其中Weighted-Average可以再細(xì)分成兩種方法,period weighted-average和continued weighted-average。
  Example 2:
  According to IAS 2 Inventories, which TWO of the following costs should be included in valuing the inventories of a manufacturing company?
  (1) Carriage inwards
  (2) Carriage outwards
  (3) Depreciation of factory plant
  (4) General administrative overheads
  (a) 1 and 4
  (b) 1 and 3
  (c) 3 and 4
  (d) 2 and 3
  Example 3:
  A company values its inventory using the FIFO method. At 1 May 20X5 the company had 700 engines in inventory, valued at $190 each. During the year ended 30 April 20X6 the following transactions took place:
  20X5 1 July Purchased 500 engines at $220 each
  1 November Sold 400 engines for $160,000
  20X6 1 February Purchased 300 engines at $230 each
  15 April Sold 250 engines for $125,000
  What is the value of the company’s closing inventory of engines at 30 April 20X6?
  (a) $188,500
  (b) $195,500
  (c) $166,000
  (d) $106,000
 
  (3) IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows
  IAS 7是關(guān)于現(xiàn)金流量表的格式、內(nèi)容和編制??荚囶}目會(huì)涉及到對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、投資活動(dòng)和融資活動(dòng)這三類現(xiàn)金流的區(qū)分;經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流的計(jì)算;以及新增固定資產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)金流??忌枰煜がF(xiàn)金流量表的格式,特別是indirect method的方法,direct method很少考。
  Example 4:
  Which of the following statements is/are correct?
  (1) A statement of cash flows prepared using the direct method produces a different figure to net cash from operating activities from that produced if the indirect method is used
  (2) Rights issues of shares do not feature in a statement of cash flows (3) A surplus on r*uation of a non-current asset will not appear as an item in a statement of cash flows
  (4) A profit on the sale of a non-current asset will appear as an item under cash flows from investing activities in the statement of cash flows
  (a) 1 and 3 only
  (b) 3 and 4 only
  (c) 2 and 4 only
  (d) 3 only
 
  (4) IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period
  IAS 10涉及到年底的報(bào)表調(diào)整,也就是需要把年底后的事項(xiàng)分成兩類,一類是調(diào)整事項(xiàng)(adjusting events),另一類是非調(diào)整事項(xiàng)(non-adjusting events)。F3的題也是給出事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行區(qū)分,稍微有些難度的是區(qū)分年底后出現(xiàn)的意外,如果這個(gè)意外對(duì)企業(yè)只是小影響,那么可以劃為非調(diào)整事項(xiàng);但如果這個(gè)意外有重大影響,持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)假設(shè)(going concern)受到損害,那么需要?jiǎng)潪檎{(diào)整事項(xiàng)。
  Example 5:
  Which of the following material events after the reporting date and before the financial statements are approved are adjusting events?
  (1) A valuation of property providing evidence of impairment in value at the reporting date.
  (2) Sale of inventory held at the reporting date for less than cost.
  (3) Discovery of fraud or error affecting the financial statements.
  (4) The insolvency of a customer with a debt owing at the reporting date which is still outstanding.
  (a) 1, 2 and 4 only
  (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
  (c) 1 and 4 only
  (d) 2 and 3 only
 
  (5) IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
  IAS 16是關(guān)于固定資產(chǎn)的確認(rèn)、計(jì)量和披露。國(guó)際準(zhǔn)則對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)有cost model and r*uation model這兩種做法,cost model比較簡(jiǎn)單,初始按成本計(jì)量,后續(xù)計(jì)量用初始成本減去累計(jì)折舊。而r*uation model有些復(fù)雜,初始按成本計(jì)量,后續(xù)用重估價(jià)值減去后續(xù)累計(jì)折舊。F3題目有時(shí)需要比較資產(chǎn)在重估當(dāng)天的賬面價(jià)值和重估價(jià)值,從而算出增值或減值。
 
  (6) IAS 18 Revenue
  IAS 18規(guī)定了貨物銷售、服務(wù)提供和其它收入的確認(rèn)、計(jì)量和披露。其中貨物銷售需要滿足5個(gè)條件,比較難理解的是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和報(bào)酬(risk and reward)由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移到買方這個(gè)條件,其它的4個(gè)條件分別為賣方?jīng)]有保留管理和控制權(quán),成本可靠計(jì)量,收入可靠計(jì)量和收入流入企業(yè)。
  ACCA F3的大綱并不只包含13個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,其它的一些內(nèi)容仍然非常重要,比如double entry,suspense account,book of prime entry和interpretation of financial statement等。準(zhǔn)備參加F3考試的同學(xué)需要全面了解大綱要求,多加練習(xí)才能掌握各知識(shí)點(diǎn)。最后預(yù)祝大家順利通過考試。
 
  作者:
  王朝科,ACCA國(guó)際特許公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)師。英國(guó)薩塞克斯大學(xué)University of Sussex金融學(xué)博士在讀,研究方向?yàn)殂y行業(yè)的公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)、股票信息風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、銀行效率等。在新加坡以創(chuàng)記錄2年半的速度完成CAT+ACCA學(xué)習(xí),后在英國(guó)愛丁堡大學(xué)University of Edinburgh獲得財(cái)務(wù)金融碩士。曾在新加坡會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所從事審計(jì)工作。
  國(guó)內(nèi)首批通過FIA、ACCA、CIMA train the trainer workshop認(rèn)證的資深講師;多年FIA、ACCA、CIMA、AIA授課經(jīng)驗(yàn),專注F3、F7、P2財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)系列課程,培訓(xùn)學(xué)員數(shù)千人次;AIA財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)科目官方特邀出題官。曾應(yīng)邀為北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)、天津財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)、沈陽(yáng)大學(xué)、成都大學(xué)等多所知名高校講授ACCA課程;為外資企業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)內(nèi)訓(xùn)課程,提高企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告水平。